APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN OPHTHALMOLOGY AND MEDICAL ETHICS PRINCIPLES (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing and increasingly permeating nearly all aspects of human life.

Purpose –This review article discusses the current developments and potential applications of AI in ophthalmology, as well as related medical ethics considerations.
Several AI algorithms have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have begun to be utilized in diagnostic research within ophthalmology. Studies indicate that AI systems demonstrate high accuracy, particularly in early detection of retinal diseases, monitoring of glaucoma, screening for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Some of these algorithms have already reached clinical validation stages.

The potential of this technology is particularly significant for developing countries, where the shortage of ophthalmologists and specialized personnel, combined with geographic and economic barriers to healthcare access, can impede early diagnosis. AI-integrated screening systems can automatically identify at-risk patients at an early stage. Consequently, preventable vision loss can be detected in a timely manner, and patients can be referred to appropriate specialized medical centres. This approach may contribute to more rational allocation of healthcare resources, increased early intervention rates, and reduced long-term visual impairment.

Ethical status is generally associated with consciousness, self- awareness, and the capacity to assume responsibility. Current AI systems do not possess these characteristics; however, the development of more complex and autonomous AI raises important ethical questions. In particular, AI systems used in healthcare directly affect human life and health-related decisions, making issues such as responsibility, transparency, and explainability critically important. Therefore, the development of AI necessitates the parallel establishment of ethical and legal frameworks.

Conclusion
Artificial intelligence plays a transformative role in ophthalmology, particularly in diagnostics and monitoring. Significant advances have been made in early detection of retinal diseases, prediction of glaucoma progression, and optimization of screening programs. Nevertheless, addressing ethical, legal, and technical challenges is essential for its widespread implementation. In the future, AI will not replace ophthalmologists but will serve as their most powerful assistant.